Extras: Was Hitler an Atheist?

Images

December 1930: Brown uniforms are banned, so brownshirts wear white shirts instead.
BEREITSCHAFT, BY ARNO BRECKER (1939)
PROMETHEUS, BY ARNO BRECKER (1935)
THE SA (BROWNSHIRTS) AT PRAYER. SOURCE: HEINRICH HOFFMAN, DAS BRAUNE HEER (BERLIN, 1932)
THE SA (BROWNSHIRTS) LEAVING A PRAYER SERVICE. SOURCE: HEINRICH HOFFMAN, DAS BRAUNE HEER (1932)
Reinhold Krause mocked the Old Testament in front of twenty thousand people.
PROCESSION OF GERMAN CHRISTIANS FOR THE OFFICIAL INDUCTION OF LUDWIG MÜLLER AS REICH BISHOP (1933)
REICH BISHOP LUDWIG MULLER
GERMAN CHRISTIAN FLAG, 1934
Martin Niemöller in 1917 – during the First World War.
LUDWIG MÜLLER (LEFT) AND AUGUST JÄGER (RIGHT) CELEBRATE MÜLLER’S ELECTION VICTORY AS REICH BISHOP (1933)
THEOPHIL WURM
Hanns Kerrl before becoming Reich Minister
Martin Niemöller on the cover of Time Magazine
JEWISH CHILDREN AWAITING DEPORTATION (1941, STADTARCHIV BIELEFELD)
Dietrich Bonhoeffer in 1924 (18 years old) – one of the few Church leaders fighting racist ideology rather than simply fighting for control of the Church.
THE FIRST PAGE OF JOSEPH RUTHERFORD’S LETTER TO HITLER—1933
DECLARATION RENOUNCING BELIEFS
TELEGRAM FROM THE MASS TELEGRAM CAMPAIGN
PURPLE TRIANGLE – A PATCH SEWN ONTO THE CLOTHING OF JEHOVAH’S WITNESSES
EIGHTEEN-YEAR-OLD PROSTITUTE NAMED KATYA BEFORE THE FALL OF THE SOVIET UNION – RED SQUARE, MOSCOW (CA. 1991)
EIGHTEEN-YEAR-OLD PROSTITUTE NAMED KATYA BEFORE THE FALL OF THE SOVIET UNION
THESE OUTRAGES: YOUR FAULT!
HITLER STREET REPLACED BY BONHOEFFER STREET
VOTE YES FOR DENAZIFICATION (REFERENDUM)

SOVIET SOLDIER RAISES RED FLAG ON BERLIN REICHSTAG BUILDING (MAY 1945)
 
RED ARMY SOLDIERS IN WARSAW ADVANCE ON GERMANS RUNNING FROM THEIR SHATTERED TANK (AUGUST 1944)

Citations

[1] Watkins, Calvert. The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots. 1985. p. 3

[1] Arvidsson, Stefan. Aryan Idols: Indo-European Mythology as Ideology and Science. University of Chicago Press. 2006.

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[1] “Semite | Definition, Peoples, & Facts | Britannica.” EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica, 2024, www.britannica.com/topic/Semite. Accessed 10 Sept. 2024.

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[1] Weikart, Richard. “Who Influenced Hitler’s Religion?”. Hitler’s Religion.

[1] Barron, Andrew B., and Brian Hare. “Prosociality and a Sociosexual Hypothesis for the Evolution of Same-Sex Attraction in Humans.” Frontiers in Psychology. Volume 10. Frontiers Media. Jan. 2020. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02955. Accessed 11 Sept. 2024.

[1] PBS. The Eugenics Crusade. Documentary. 00:24

[1] Evans, Richard J. “The Fit and the Unfit”. The Coming of the Third Reich. 2003.

[1] Evans, Richard J. “Instruments of Terror.” The Third Reich in Power. 2005.

[1] Evans, Richard J. The Third Reich in Power. 2005. p. 252

[1] Weikart, Richard. “Was Hitler an Occultist or Paganist?”. Hitler’s Religion.

[1] Weikart, Richard. “Was Hitler A Religious Hypocrite?”. Hitler’s Religion.

[1] Weikart, Richard. “Who Was Hitler’s Lord?”. Hitler’s Religion.

[1] Weikart, Richard. “Was Hitler A Christian?”. Hitler’s Religion.

[1] Evans, Richard J. The Third Reich at War. 2009.

[1] Steigmann-Gall, Richard. The Holy Reich: Nazi Conceptions of Christianity, 1919-1945. 2003. p.252

[1] Bergen, Doris L. Twisted cross: the German Christian movement in the Third Reich. 1996.

[1] Hitler, Adolf. Mein Kampf. Trans. Ralph Manheim. New York: Houghton Mifflin (1998). p. 307.

[1] Steigmann-Gall, Richard. The Holy Reich: Nazi Conceptions of Christianity, 1919-1945. 2003. p. 26

[1] Evans, Richard J. “Germany in Flames.” The Third Reich at War. 2009.

[1] Weikart, Richard. “Was Hitler Occultist or Paganist?”. Hitler’s Religion – The Twisted Beliefs That Drove the Third Reich. 2016.

[1] Evans, Richard J. “Hell has broken out.” The Third Reich at War. 2009.

[1] Steigmann-Gall, Richard. The Holy Reich: Nazi Conceptions of Christianity, 1919-1945. 2003. p.239

[1] “Religious Landscape.” Gallup, Gallup, 8 June 2023, news.gallup.com/poll/1690/Religion.aspx. Accessed 30 Sept. 2024.

[1] Evans, Richard J. The Third Reich in Power. 2005. pp. 256-257

[1] Evans, Richard J. The Third Reich in Power. 2005.

[1] Bergen, Doris L. Twisted cross: the German Christian movement in the Third Reich. 1996. p.47

[1] Blakemore, Erin. “Germany’s World War I Debt Was so Crushing It Took 92 Years to Pay Off.” HISTORY. 27 June 2019. www.history.com/news/germany-world-war-i-debt-treaty-versailles. Accessed 2 May 2024.

[1] “The Second Reich – Society and government in Germany”. Brentford School for Girls. “https://www.brentford.hounslow.sch.uk/attachments/download.asp?file=1865&type=pdf”. Accessed 2 May 2024.

[1] “Weimar Republic | Definition, History, Constitution, Problems, Downfall, & Facts | Britannica.” EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica, 2024, www.britannica.com/place/Weimar-Republic. Accessed 2 May 2024.

[1] Cobb, Richard; Jones, Colin, eds. Voices of the French Revolution. Topsfield, Mass. Salem House Publishers. 1988. p. 110.archive.org/details/voicesoffrenchre0000unse/page/110/mode/2up. Accessed 25 July 2024.

[1] “Russian Revolution | Definition, Causes, Summary, History, & Facts | Britannica.” EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica, 2024, www.britannica.com/event/Russian-Revolution. Accessed 26 July 2024.

[1] “Vladimir Lenin | Biography, Facts, & Ideology | Britannica.” EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica, 2024, www.britannica.com/biography/Vladimir-Lenin. Accessed 26 July 2024.

[1] Wikipedia Contributors. “Death and State Funeral of Vladimir Lenin.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 21 June 2024, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Vladimir_Lenin. Accessed 26 July 2024.

[1] Evans, Richard J. “A ‘Revolution of Destruction’?”. The Coming of the Third Reich. 5 February 2003.

[1] Evans, Richard J. “Culture Wars.” The Coming of the Third Reich. 5 February 2003.

[1] Umberto Eco. “Ur-Fascism | Umberto Eco.” The New York Review of Books, The New York Review of Books, 25 Apr. 2024, www.nybooks.com/articles/1995/06/22/ur-fascism/. Accessed 27 Aug. 2024.

[1] Evans, Richard J. “The Terror Begins.” The Coming of the Third Reich. 5 February 2003.

[1] Gerlach, Wolfgang, and Barnett, Victoria. And the Witnesses Were Silent. University of Nebraska Press. p. 161-162

[1] Taylor, Fred. The Goebbells Diaries 1939–1941. Hamish Hamilton Ltd. 1982. pp. 278, 294

[1] Bethge, Eberhard, Edited by Barnett, Victoria. Dietrich Bonhoeffer – A Biography. (1970). p. 270.

[1] “Peace of Augsburg | Germany [1555], Religion & Politics | Britannica.” EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica, 2024, www.britannica.com/event/Peace-of-Augsburg. Accessed 4 Aug. 2024.

[1] Bergen, Doris L. Twisted cross: the German Christian movement in the Third Reich. University of North Carolina Press. 1996. p.59

[1] Bergen, Doris L. Twisted cross: the German Christian movement in the Third Reich. University of North Carolina Press. 1996. p.98

[1] Gerlach, Wolfgang and Barnett, Victoria. And the Witnesses Were Silent. University of Nebraska Press. 2000. p.17

[1] Gerlach, Wolfgang, and Barnett, Victoria. And the Witnesses Were Silent. University of Nebraska Press. p. 37

[1] Barnett, Victoria. “The Reichskirche and the Formation of the Pastors’ Emergency League.” For The Soul Of The People. Oxford University Press. 1992.

[1] Barnett, Victoria. “The Reichskirche and the Formation of the Pastors’ Emergency League.” For The Soul of The People. Oxford University Press. 1992.

[1] Bergen, Doris L. “The Growth of the Confessing Church.” Twisted Cross: The German Christian movement in the Third Reich. University of North Carolina Press. 1996.

[1] Barnett, Victoria. “The Political Identity of Confessing Christians”.For The Soul of The People. Oxford University Press. 1992.

[1] Gerlach, Wolfgang, and Barnett, Victoria. And the Witnesses Were Silent. University of Nebraska Press. p. 31

[1] Gerlach, Wolfgang, and Barnett, Victoria. And the Witnesses Were Silent. University of Nebraska Press. p. 32

[1] Barnett, Victoria. “The Underground Resistance of the Confessing Church”. For The Soul of The People. Oxford University Press. 1992.

[1] Gerlach, Wolfgang, and Barnett, Victoria. And the Witnesses Were Silent. University of Nebraska Press. p. 33

[1] Gerlach, Wolfgang, and Barnett, Victoria. And the Witnesses Were Silent. University of Nebraska Press. p. 33

[1] Barnes, Kenneth C. Nazism, Liberalism, and Christianity: Protestant Social Thought
In Germany & Great Britain 1925-1937. University Press of Kentucky. 1991. p.105

[1] Bergen, Doris L. Twisted cross: the German Christian movement in the Third Reich. University of North Carolina Press. 1996. p.164

[1] Ehrman, Bart. “YHWH and Jehovah: Same? Different? Where’s Jehovah Come From?” The Bart Ehrman Blog, May 2021, ehrmanblog.org/yhwh-and-jehovah-same-different/. Accessed 14 Sept. 2024.

[1] Carrier, Richard. Richard Carrier Blogs, 18 Dec. 2016, www.richardcarrier.info/archives/11792. Accessed 14 Sept. 2024.

[1] Barnes, Kenneth C. Nazism, Liberalism, and Christianity: Protestant Social Thought
In Germany & Great Britain 1925-1937. University Press of Kentucky. 1991. p.105

[1] Marina, Marko. “How Did Jesus Die? Who Killed Him and Why?” Bart D. Ehrman. 20 Oct. 2023. www.bartehrman.com/how-did-jesus-die/. Accessed 16 Sept. 2024.

[1] Bergen, Doris L. Twisted cross: the German Christian movement in the Third Reich. University of North Carolina Press. 1996. p.88

[1] Gerlach, Wolfgang and Barnett, Victoria. And the Witnesses Were Silent. University of Nebraska Press. 2000. p.45

[1] Barnett, Victoria. “The Political Repercussions of Barmen”. For The Soul of The People. Oxford University Press. 1992.

[1] Steigmann-Gall, Richard. The Holy Reich: Nazi Conceptions of Christianity, 1919-1945. Cambridge University Press. 2003. p.167

[1] Barnett, Victoria. “The Political Identity of Confessing Christians”.For The Soul of The People. Oxford University Press. 1992.

[1] Steigmann-Gall, Richard. The Holy Reich: Nazi Conceptions of Christianity, 1919-1945. Cambridge University Press. 2003. p.177

[1] Bergen, Doris L. Twisted cross: the German Christian movement in the Third Reich. University of North Carolina Press. 1996. p.107

[1] Barnett, Victoria. “The Political Identity of Confessing Christians”.For The Soul of The People. Oxford University Press. 1992.

[1] Steigmann-Gall, Richard. The Holy Reich: Nazi Conceptions of Christianity, 1919-1945. Cambridge University Press. 2003. p.183

[1] Barnett, Victoria. “The Official Church’s Silence”. For The Soul of The People. Oxford University Press. 1992.

[1] “Martin Niemöller: Biography.” US Holocaust Memorial Museum. 2020. encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/martin-niemoeller-biography. Accessed 16 Sept. 2024.

[1] Brown-Fleming, Suzanne and Friedberg, Edna. “The Danger of Indifference: ‘Then They Came for Me.’” United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 10 June 2020. www.youtube.com/watch?v=yGI_EbA3fBc. Accessed 16 Sept. 2024.

[1] Brown-Fleming, Suzanne and Friedberg, Edna. “The Danger of Indifference: ‘Then They Came for Me.’” United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 10 June 2020. www.youtube.com/watch?v=yGI_EbA3fBc. Accessed 16 Sept. 2024.

[1] Gerlach, Wolfgang and Barnett, Victoria. And the Witnesses Were Silent. 2000. p. 47

[1] Barnes, Kenneth C. Nazism, Liberalism, and Christianity: Protestant Social Thought
In Germany & Great Britain 1925-1937. University Press of Kentucky. 1991. p.127

[1] Bethge, Eberhard, Edited by Barnett, Victoria. Dietrich Bonhoeffer – A Biography. (1970) p. 5

[1] Bethge, Eberhard, Edited by Barnett, Victoria. Dietrich Bonhoeffer – A Biography. (1970) p. 37

[1] Bethge, Eberhard, Edited by Barnett, Victoria. Dietrich Bonhoeffer – A Biography. (1970) p. 150

[1] Bethge, Eberhard, Edited by Barnett, Victoria. Dietrich Bonhoeffer – A Biography. (1970) pp. 154-155

[1] Gerlach, Wolfgang and Barnett, Victoria. And the Witnesses Were Silent. University of Nebraska Press. 2000. p.119

[1] Bethge, Eberhard, Edited by Barnett, Victoria. Dietrich Bonhoeffer – A Biography. (1970) p. 260

[1]. “Dietrich Bonhoeffer.” USHMM. encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/dietrich-bonhoeffer. 2024. Accessed 16 Sept. 2024.

[1] Nation, Mark Thiessen. “Working for the Abwehr”. Bonhoeffer the Assassin?. 2013.

[1] Nation, Mark Thiessen. “Working for the Abwehr”. Bonhoeffer the Assassin?. 2013.

[1] “Dietrich Bonhoeffer.” US Holocaust Memorial Museum. 2024. encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/dietrich-bonhoeffer. Accessed 17 Sept. 2024.

[1] Evans, Richard J. “Resistance”. The Third Reich at War. 2009.

[1] Evans, Richard J. “Resistance”. The Third Reich at War. 2009.

[1] Evans, Richard J. “Resistance”. The Third Reich at War. 2009.

[1] Fest, Joachim. Plotting Hitler’s Death: The German Resistance to Hitler, 1933–1945. 1994.

[1] “July Plot | History, Leaders, Executions, & Facts.” EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica, 2024, www.britannica.com/event/July-Plot. Accessed 29 Sept. 2024.

[1] Evans, Richard J. “Resistance”. The Third Reich at War. 2009.

[1] Nation, Mark Thiessen. “Experiment in a ‘New Form of Monasticism’”. Bonhoeffer the Assassin?. 2013.

[1] Haynes, Stephen R. “Bonhoeffer the Culture Warrior”. Battle for Bonhoeffer: Debating Discipleship in the age of Trump. 2018.

[1] Haynes, Stephen R. “The Metaxas Factor”. The Battle for Bonhoeffer.

[1] Barnett, Victoria J. “The Church and the ‘Aryan Paragraph’”. For the Soul of the People.

[1] DohnĂĄnyi, Christoph. “Christoph von DohnĂĄnyi Warns of Political Intolerance in the U.S.” International Bonhoeffer Society, 7 Feb. 2017, bonhoeffersociety.org/2017/02/07/christoph-von-dohnanyi-warns-of-political-intolerance-in-the-u-s/. Accessed 29 Sept. 2024.

[1] Schnell, William J. 30 Years a Watchtower Slave. 1971. pp. 51-52

[1] Hesse, Hans. Persecution and Resistance of Jehovah’s Witnesses During the Nazi-Regime. 2002.

[1] The Watchtower. Jehovah’s Witnesses. July 8, 1998. pp. 10-11

[1] The Watchtower. Jehovah’s Witnesses. July 8, 1998. pp. 10-11

[1] Though the original documents, such as the 1934 Yearbook of Jehovah’s Witnesses, are out of print, Paul Grundy archived searchable PDF scans of the Declaration of Facts, the letters to Hitler, and more.

Grundy, Paul. “Rutherford and the Watchtower’s Support of Hitler.” Jwfacts.com, Nov. 2010, jwfacts.com/watchtower/hitler-nazi.php. Accessed 24 Sept. 2024.

[1] Penton, James. Jehovah’s Witnesses and the Third Reich: Sectarian Politics under Persecution. 2004. University of Toronto Press. p.25

[1] Proclaimers of God’s Kingdom. Jehovah’s Witnesses. p.694

[1] Jehovah’s Witnesses have a copy of many of these letters and documents on their website and in their literature, but Paul Grundy also archived scanned copies.

Grundy, Paul. “Rutherford and the Watchtower’s Support of Hitler.” Jwfacts.com, Nov. 2010, jwfacts.com/watchtower/hitler-nazi.php. Accessed 24 Sept. 2024.

[1] MacDonogh, Giles. After the Reich: The Brutal History of the Allied Occupation. Basic Books. 2009. p. 26

[1] Evans, Richard J. The Third Reich in Power. 2005.

[1] MacDonogh, Giles. After the Reich: The Brutal History of the Allied Occupation. Basic Books. 2009. pp. 172-173

[1] MacDonogh, Giles. After the Reich: The Brutal History of the Allied Occupation. Basic Books. 2009. p.85

[1] MacDonogh, Giles. After the Reich: The Brutal History of the Allied Occupation. Basic Books. 2009. p.37

[1] MacDonogh, Giles. After the Reich: The Brutal History of the Allied Occupation. Basic Books. 2009. p. 125-126

[1] Evans, Richard J. “The Fit and the Unfit”. The Coming of the Third Reich. 2003.

[1] Evans, Richard J. The Coming of the Third Reich. 2003. P.91

[1] Cornwell, John. “Bringing Germany into Line.” Hitler’s Pope: The Secret History of Pius XII. 5 February 2003.

[1] Evans, Richard J. The Third Reich in Power. 2005. p. 251

[1] Evans, Richard J. The Third Reich in Power. 2005. pp. 233-234

[1] Evans, Richard J. The Third Reich in Power. 2005. p. 246

[1] Pope Pius XI. Humani Generis Unitas. 11 Feb. 1939, www.bc.edu/content/dam/files/research_sites/cjl/texts/cjrelations/resources/education/humani_generis_unitas.htm. Accessed 27 Sept. 2024.

[1] Kertzer, David I. “The Nazi Prince”. The Pope at War.  Penguin Random House, LLC. June 2022.

[1] Kertzer, David I. “The Nazi Prince”. The Pope at War.  Penguin Random House, LLC. June 2022.

[1] Kertzer, David I. “War Begins”. The Pope at War.  Penguin Random House, LLC. June 2022.

[1] Cornwell, John. “Bringing Germany into Line.” Hitler’s Pope: The Secret History of Pius XII. 5 February 2003. pp. 298-299

[1] Cornwell, John. “Bringing Germany into Line.” Hitler’s Pope: The Secret History of Pius XII. 5 February 2003. pp. 315

[1] Cornwell, John. Hitler’s Pope: The Secret History of Pius XII. 5 February 2003. pp. 266-267

[1] Evans, Richard J. “A Last Spark of Hope.” The Third Reich at War. 2009.

[1] Evans, Richard J. The Third Reich at War. 2009.

[1] MacDonogh, Giles. After the Reich: The Brutal History of the Allied Occupation. pp. 54-55

[1] Evans, Richard J. “The Final Defeat”. The Third Reich at War. 2009.

[1] Evans, Richard J. “The Final Defeat”. The Third Reich at War. 2009.

[1] Bosworth, R. J. B. Mussolini. 2011.

[1] Moseley, Ray. Mussolini: The Last 600 Days of Il Duce. 2004. Pp.313-315

[1] Evans, Richard J. “We’ll take a world with us.” The Third Reich at War. 2009.

[1] MacDonogh, Giles. After the Reich: The Brutal History of the Allied Occupation. pp. 101-102

[1] Barnett, Victoria. “The Church and Denazification.” For The Soul of The People. 1992.

[1] Barnett, Victoria. “The Church and Denazification.” For The Soul of The People. 1992.

[1] Bergen, Doris L. “Continuity.” Twisted Cross: the German Christian movement in the Third Reich. 1996.

[1] Barnett, Victoria. “The Church and Denazification.” For The Soul of The People. 1992.

[1] Barnett, Victoria. “Confessing Church Women During the War.” For The Soul of The People. 1992.

[1] “Antisemitic Legislation 1933–1939.” USHMM, 2024, encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/antisemitic-legislation-1933-1939. Accessed 13 Oct. 2024. [1] Bethge, Eberhard, Edited by Barnett, Victoria. Dietrich Bonhoeffer – A Biography. (1970). p. 270.